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Types Of Cancer You Can Obtain From Cigarettes

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People are fully aware that smoking is a huge health hazard. Even smokers know that, although they often cant resist and have no strength to fight their addiction. There are many health concerns connected to smoking, and it is scientifically proven that smoking causes various diseases, even numerous kinds of cancer. That is why its crucial for smokers to try to quit and begin with their healthier part of life. Also, second hand smokers are in danger of getting ill, because unfortunately, smoke affects their health too. It is not comfortable to read about kinds of cancer smoking can obtain (especially if you are a smoker) but sometimes learning about it, and knowing more can stimulate you and help you quit.

Cancer is not the only serious illness smoking causes frequently. Smokers often also have: bronchitis (it can get chronic too), emphysema (lung condition which cant be fully cured or reversed), stroke, various heart diseases, cataracts, asthma etc. Cigarettes damage smokers air sacs and that leads to various diseases we have already listed here. Cancer is, of course, the scariest disease known to the mankind and unfortunately for millions of smokers, it is closely related to this addiction.

Now let us list and show you what types of cancer cigarettes cause. First of all there is lung cancer – more than 85% of patients with lung cancer are smokers. Other terminal kinds of cancer, mostly caused by cigarettes are larynx cancer (connected to the voice apparatus), oesophagus cancer, oral cavity and bladder cancer. Smoking is a factor which unfortunately helps development of cancer cells. Consuming cigarettes also causes these terminal cancers: kidney cancer (and failure), stomach and cervical cancer and also pancreatic cancer and various illnesses.

Another thing should motivate you to stop smoking. You are also hurting others around you, because second hand smoking also causes various terrible diseases. Inhaling smoke by being a second hand smoker (that means inhaling while breathing, through nose or mouth) is also very dangerous because smoke inhaled like this is carcinogen too.

List of diseases caused by smoke and nicotine is very long, and we have listed a small percent to remind you how good it would be if you could get focused and quit as soon as possible. Dont be fooled that cigarettes are not bad just because theyre being sold legally. They are lethal and can cause various health problems. This health hazard is hard to beat but not unbeatable keep that in mind.

Read the list of diseases cigarettes cause, and that might help you decide to stop smoking. Cancer in various types is the hardest thing you could face if you continue smoking. If you prefer to stay healthy and happy, be determined to quit and start today. With a little help from your friends and family you can do it! Choose healthy living hobbits, sport and freedom, and say no to cigarettes. Prevent cancer and other diseases and dont be afraid to start again healthier and stronger!

Heart Disease, Risk Factors, And Treatments

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William Walters
Heart-Condition-Guide
Thursday, 2:48 pm
Today we are going to talk about Heart Disease, Risk Factors, and Treatments.
Heart disease, is the number one killer of both men and women in the United States. Heart disease is a variety of conditions that affect the performance of the heart. The basics of heart disease, how heart disease is diagnosed, heart disease screening tests, heart disease risk factors, and heart disease prevention.
Education about heart disease is crucial for African-American women. Coronary heart disease is the main form of heart disease. Reversing heart disease is not only possible, it is likely. In fact, heart disease is the leading cause of death in America, it accounts for 90,0000 heart attacks and strokes each year, affecting not only men but women as well. Heart disease is something we all need to be more aware of.
Extensive clinical and statistical studies have identified several factors that increase the risk of coronary heart disease. Risk factors are conditions that increase your risk for developing diseases. For both men and women, the biggest factors that contribute to heart disease are smoking, high blood pressure, high cholesterol, family history, and age. The more risk factors a person has, the greater the likelihood of developing the deadly disease.
Diabetes, is also a serious risk factor for heart disease. Aggressively managing risk factors can prevent or delay the onset of heart disease, even if you have strong family histories. Risk factors for heart disease you CAN’T change. Factors such as race, increasing age, and a family history of heart disease cannot be changed.
Heart Surgery, Repairs may involve both open-heart surgery and less invasive procedures like placing stents in the arteries so the blood can flow more smoothly to the heart. Most defects will require surgery or an interventional procedure to repair the problem. Coronary artery bypass surgery is a treatment option for ischemic heart disease (too little blood reaching the heart muscle).
Heart valve repair or replacement surgery is another treatment option for valvular heart disease. High Risk Cardiac Disease Surgery is for those who have had previous by-pass surgery and/or are at risk for complications of heart disease.
How can knowing about genetics help treat heart disease. Genetics — People who have a family history are more likely to develop heart disease. We can use genetics to characterize someone’s risk in the same way we measure cholesterol to identify risk for heart disease. Genetics plays a role in heart disease — but it is not the whole story”. Our growing understanding of genetics could one day help doctors not only predict heart disease but also tailor treatments to suit individual needs.
In Summary: Heart disease is very serious and detecting heart disease is the key to living a happier and healthier life. Heart disease is something we all need to be more aware of. It is the nation’s leading killer. The American Heart Association says, Heart disease is a disorder that affects the heart muscle or the blood vessels of the heart. The development of most heart disease is related to the way we live.
I hope that this article on Heart Disease, Risk Factors, and Treatments to Heart Disease provided you with enough information that you were seeking about it. I will be writing more articles soon!

Putting Together A Robust Health And Safety Management System

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When it comes to the health and safety of your staff, customers and suppliers, attention to detail is of paramount importance. Anything that slips under the radar can result in injury, law suits and damage to your reputation. A health and safety management system works to identify risks and put in place efficient processes to avoid mishaps and accidents. There are obviously obligations around health and safety that your company must commit to in order to not break the law but a health and safety management system helps you to take it that one step further to really reduce the risk of accidents.

It is a good idea to appoint someone in your company to head up the management system. This ensures that should something go wrong that there is someone designated as accountable. This isnt so that blame can be put on someone but so that it is someones duty to manage the system and monitor any changes. They would be in charge of ensuring that hazards, however small, have been identified and that solutions have been implemented to reduce any risks. They should also make sure that all staff have been trained effectively and that routine checks are done to make sure that nothing has changed.

Many organisations, especially larger companies and those in the public sector choose to obtain OHSAS 18001. This is the international standard as set by ISO (international organisation for standardisation) for health and safety systems management. There are many reasons for its popularity but the main one is that is provides clear and easy to implement guidelines for health and safety policy in the workplace. After you achieved the standard, you will be presented with a company handbook that is bespoke to you and your processes. This is ideal for staff training and means that should anything change, you can easily just add the new policies to the handbook.

However you choose to implement a health and safety management system, it can greatly reduce the chance of an accident in the workplace, instilling confidence in staff, suppliers and customers. OHSAS 18001 is a great way to demonstrate your commitment to health and safety at work.

How To Get Rid Of Stubborn Acne

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Acne is a common frustration during the teenage years. It is just one of those things that suddenly show up, along with body hair as well as sudden pockets of muscle (or fat, for girls). But as with most new things that confound and tantalize us during puberty, it should either lose its novelty or just plain go away. For some people, though, acne continues to be a problem well into adulthood.

Acne can appear in many parts of our body but face acne need the best and urgent attention. After all, we interact with people in our daily lives with our faces and if they are blemished with it, it is simply unhealthy and embarrassing as well. Exposed acne or pimples on our faces can also worsen and leave scars that most of us have to bear for the rest of our lives.

While dermatologists may recognize that acne is a hormonal problem, they don’t treat acne based on this. Instead, they use antibiotics, which gets rid of the bacteria everyone has on their skin, and for a while can clear up acne, only for it to return once the bacteria on the skin becomes resistant to the antibiotic.

Or dermatologists will treat acne sufferers with Accutane, which decreases the oil production in the skin and can produce good results, alas, only for a few months.

A more lasting solution to treating stubborn forehead acne is by treating it from the inside. This means targeting the excess production of sebum that causes acne so that it doesn’t come back again. Pantothenic acid or vitamin B5 is one of the anti-acne vitamins found to be effective both in treating acne and managing its reappearance. Vitamin B5 acts on acne by preventing the oil glands from making excess oil.

Detoxifying your body

Alternative practitioners around the world believe that the amount of toxins your body has is directly related to your acne. If you body is free from toxins and other harmful elements, your skin will become clearer and acne free. This is the same for blackheads.

Pantothenic acid or vitamin B5 is an anti-acne vitamin that treats acne and prevents it from coming back. It works by controlling oil production without completely shutting down the oil glands. Vitamin B5 also breaks down existing oil to make the skin clearer and the pores smaller. For best results, you can use topical acne treatments with vitamin B5 supplements. This is a surefire way to get rid of stubborn acne on the nose in just a few weeks.

For stubborn acne blemishes, the benzyl peroxide often takes some time to work, so be prepared for the treatment to last for several weeks – although acne can clear up in as little as a few days. If a month or more goes by without improvement, you may want to consult with your doctor or see a dermatologist. They will often prescribe more powerful medications.

Substance Abuse And Mental Health Disorders

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What is a co-occurring disorder?

A co-occurring disorder is when someone suffers from mental health issues such as depression or anxiety, also is struggling with an addiction. Interactions between substance abuse and mental disorders are very complex. The best Addiction Treatment Centers are those that specialize in the mental health issue of the patient and the drug of choice.

A specialized team of medical personal and addiction counselors with the expertise and experience in co-occurring disorders are needed to work with this special group of patients. The diagnosis is difficult as the symptoms of the two illnesses overlap, making proper treatment a challenge. The co-occurring disorders should be treated at the same time.

The combination of these two conditions, also known as dual diagnosis, is more common than people are aware of. Having three or more co-occurring disorders is not unusual. Close to 50% of those who suffer from a mental disorder are also abusers of alcohol and drugs. Some of the disorders seen in conjunction with addictions are, but not limited to:

Bipolar Affective Disorder

Personality Disorders

ADHD

Anxiety Disorders

Anti-social Personality Disorder

Drugs and alcohol are typically used by people with dual diagnosis to make them feel normal, lessen the pain. In most cases, the combination of addiction and mental illness will make the symptoms worse, creating a vicious circle between the use of drugs, seen as self-medication, and the mental illness. There are many consequences of undiagnosed co-occurring disorders such as early mortality, incarceration and suicide. There are drug treatment centers that are specific to co-occurring disorders.

The success rate for treating the mental illness after they have been detoxed from their drug of choice is much higher. The patient is generally more apt to participate in their drug addiction recovery and treatment if they are able to obtain help with their mental illness issue.

When looking for a substance abuse center, one that specializes in the mental illness of the individual is best. The counselor can then make a treatment plan, where each problem has a specific intervention that is appropriate for the patient.

After being detoxed from the drug of choice and the patient is ready for discharge, there are options for those in early recovery such as group homes and sober living houses. There are the self-help groups of Alcoholics Anonymous and Narcotics Anonymous which are 12 step programs. Other such self-help programs are available that are specific for co-occurring disorders. A strong support system will encourage and help the patient as they continue their path of recovery.

Cost Of Dental Implants

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If you have lost a single tooth or several teeth due to gum disease, accidental injury, tooth decay, or periodontal disease, you must consider dental implant treatments. However, there are certain cost related factors that will help you decide whether a dental implant treatment is the ideal solution for you.

What are Dental Implants?

Dental implants are artificial teeth that are inserted into the jaw to keep the artificial teeth in place. The artificial teeth are generally made of titanium that is biocompatible with the jawbone. When teeth are lost, some part of bone that helped in supporting the teeth is also lost. However, dental implants aid to prevent any further bone loss, preserve the jaw and maintain the shape of the jaw bone. These are advanced and comfortable alternatives to traditional dentures as these never need to be taken out. Moreover, dental implants look and function much like natural teeth. Unlike dentures or bridges, implants do not slip or shift in the mouth, improving the chewing efficiency of the patient. This also further prevents the patient from lower self-confidence, loss of facial beauty and public-facing fear.

Cost of dental implants in Houston is higher as compared to traditional dentures and bridges but it is worth the price. It is because, with a dental implant treatment, you can restore your lost teeth, smile, facial beauty, and self-confidence. With the improved bone structure, you will definitely look younger and you will be able to eat your favorite foods. Thus, dental implants are worth every penny spent on them. However, there is no fixed cost of dental implants, as it might differ depending on several factors. You can consult your dentist regarding the standard all on 4 cost of your dental implant along with the other factors that can affect the overall cost of your dental treatment.

To get the best dental implants, the primary thing you are supposed to do is research. With a little research, you will be able to get better dental implant services at a reasonable cost without even compromising on the quality of service.

There are various factors that might affect the cost of your overall dental implant treatment. However, the cost is quite expensive for good reasons. Dental implants treatments are the only permanent solution to your missing teeth problem. These are the best thing next to having natural teeth because the implants not only look like natural teeth but also function in the same way. The implants act as a new root for your new teeth. While crowns and caps depend on teeth to support them, dental implants aid to save your jawbone, keeping the adjacent teeth as healthy as earlier.

Thus, in return of the cost you will be paying for a dental implant treatment, you will be able to ensure a long-lasting solution for your missing tooth or teeth.

Using Mental Imagery To Stop A Panic Attack

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Panic attacks are not at all uncommon in today’s high tension world. Panic seems to come out of nowhere and then take control of the panic attack sufferer’s life. When sessions of panic are occurring they are the only thing that matters to the sufferer. He or she feels it is necessary to struggle just to hang on. Mercifully at some point the panic goes away, at least for a while.

The most important thing to know about panic or any sort of anxiety attack is that it is the struggle you put up that makes it powerful. Having the ability to go with the flow will lessen the severity of panic and can actually put an end to it altogether.

Tightening Up

Once a panic attack is perceived to be approaching, the panic sufferer tightens up in an attempt to brace him/herself for the brutal session about to take place. If this tightening up and bracing could be eliminated, the panic could be as well. This is true because without tightening up, nervous symptoms cannot be overwhelming like they can be to a tightened up, fully braced person.

Here is an analogy that is a very powerful tool in overcoming panic. Picture a cork in the bottom of an empty bathtub. If you come along with a fork in hand and try to stab it as you would a piece of food on a plate, you will easily succeed and you will be able to pick up this cork the same as you pick up your next mouthful during dinner.

However, what if the bathtub is full of water? In this situation there is no way you would be able to stab and pick up this cork. The reason for this is the cork in the water is totally un-braced. With no water in the tub the cork is braced against the bottom.

Learning Not To Fight

As a panic attack approaches, you are like a cork in a tub. The fork is an all out panic attack. The water represents whether or not you are bracing yourself and getting ready to put up a fight against the anxiety. Essentially, you make the choice if the tub is empty or full of water.

Realistically, all you can do is realize fighting off panic is what actually makes it come on. Learning how to give in to panic is tough at first. Still, by using the visualization of the cork in the bathtub full of water with the fork being unable to stab it gives you the proper visualization you need to learn not to brace yourself from perceived oncoming panic. In doing so, you will be taking away panic’s most powerful weapon; your fear.

An Ultimate Guide To Prevent Illness In Spring

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Spring season is the time for budding leaves and flowers. It is indeed one of the most exciting and long awaited times of the year. It is a beautiful season of flowers. Spring months are blooming months and they signify new beginnings. It enriches natural beauty as there is lush greenery everywhere. It is in fact a season full of transformations. However due to the extreme weather conditions people find the heat quite intolerable and detestable. Spring has its own set of health hazards. Yes, during spring people are vulnerable to many illnesses.

How to prevent illness in spring:

The following are the essential preventive measures to be undertaken to prevent springtime illnesses.

1. To prevent common illnesses like cold, flu, hay fever, allergies and upper respiratory tract infections it is important that you wash your hands frequently and sneeze into a handkerchief in order to avoid spread of infection. It is also necessary that you eat a well-balanced healthy diet and exercise regularly. You should increase your intake of fresh fruits and vegetables which are rich in antioxidants. Include fish in liberal quantities which in fact is a good source of omega 3 fatty acid.

2. On account of the rise in temperature spring dermatitis is also a common condition. This can be prevented by applying a sunscreen lotion and eating lots of fresh fruits and vegetables. This protects your skin from the potentially harmful effects of UV rays.

3. Illness due to excessive internal heat like dry and cracked lips, throat infection and constipation can be combated effectively by maintaining a perfect balance between work and rest. One should include more of fresh fruits and vegetables and drink plenty of water to flush the toxins from the body.

4. To prevent spring fever one should avoid spicy and greasy food and drink lots of water. Include food stuffs that contain significant amounts of vitamins and essential proteins to give the required energy. A good scalp massage can also alleviate laziness for those engaged in white collar jobs.

5. In order to fight depression and insomnia which are common during spring one can listen to good music or engage in a good workout session. One can also engage in outdoor activities to breathe the fresh air. Breathing fresh air and watching nature can alleviate depression.

6. You are also prone to Lyme disease as you spend most of your time outdoors in spring. Ticks that carry Lyme disease are potentially active during the spring months. Wearing protective clothing can prevent you from contracting this disease. You can also spray tick repellents on your clothing and skin and most of all ensure that your home is tick-free.

7. A spring healthy diet should be loaded with disease fighting vitamins, minerals and antioxidants to prevent illness. Include lots of fresh fruits, vegetables, legumes and grains which are packed with essential nutrients. Remember fruits and vegetables are low in calories but rich in nutrients. Drink plenty of water to stay hydrated and healthy in spring.

Conclusion:

Living a healthy lifestyle and acquiring good habits also contributes towards preventing various illnesses related to spring. With the above preventative measures you can enjoy the beauty of spring and stay healthy too.

Electron Ionization Cross Section in relation to dosage of medicine-Antimicrobial drugs

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Electron Ionization Cross Section in relation to dosage of medicine-Antimicrobial drugs By (1 S.Kavitha, 2 V.R. Murthy,,3 K.R.S. Samba Siva Rao)1(Research Scholar, Dept. of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur. Andhra Pradesh. India, 2(Prof.& Head, Dept. of Physics (P.G. Course), T.J.P.S. College, Guntur. Andhra Pradesh. India. (3 Prof. & Head, Dept. of Biotechnology, Acharya Nagarjuna University, Guntur. Andhra Pradesh. S.,*Corresponding author

Abstract

Physical parameters such as molecular polarizability, diamagnetic susceptibility, and molecular electron ionisation cross section are important parameters bearing some dependence on the dosage of the medicine through the electron transfer of the medicine in the process of diagnosis. Hence they are analysed and used in calculating the dosage of few anti-microbial drugs, in particular Quinolones. Data collected on Plasma protein binding Bioavailability, Half-life period and Log P show dependence on Q and is expressed in the form of a mathematical equation. The dosage thus calculated by above parameters has a good agreement with the suggested dosage values. For example Ciprofloxacin has the reported dosage value1.0grms/day against the calculated dosage value 0.849grams /day. In case of other drug Lomefloxacin, the calculated value is 0.394 grams /day against the reported value 0.4 grams /day. Similar observation was done in case of other quinolones compounds also. The present method enables a new approach in finding out the drug activity and is preferred to the highly theoretical approaches involving quantum mechanical methods.

Key words: Dosage, Half Life Period, Electron Ionisation cross section.

Introduction: The quinolones are potent synthetic chemotherapeutic, broad-spectrum antibiotics 1, 2. Since the introduction of Nalidixic acid in 1962 3, 4 several structural modifications have resulted in second, third and fourth generation antibiotics. With the recent introduction of agents such as Gatifloxacin and Moxifloxacin, the traditional gram-negative coverage of fluroquinolones has been expanded to include specific gram positive organisms5.Community acquired pneumonia is the sixth leading cause of death in the United States. Even with optimal therapy, this illness is associated with mortality rates of approximately 15 percent.6

Therapeutic uses of fluoroquinolones include the following: 1) For serious acute cases of pyelonephritis or bacterial prostatis, where the patient may need to be hospitalised, fluoroquinolones such as Ciprofloxacin, 7oflaxacin, lomefloxacin, enofloxacin, levofloxacin and gatifloxacin are recommended.8 2) Due to excellent penetration into prostatic tissue, norfloxacin, levofloxacin,ciprofloxacin and iflaxacinhave eradication rates of 67 to 91%.9,7 3) The U.S.Food and drug administrationhas labelled gatifloxacin, moxifloxacin, sparfloxacin and levofloxacin for use in the treatment of acute sinusitis.10For severe forms of community aqured pneumonia , the fluroquinolones are associated with improved treatment rates.11 4) In case of sexually transmitted diseases, a single dose of ciprofloxacin or ofloxacin is considered as alternative treatment in for example patients with pencillin allergy.12 5) Fluroquinolones in combination with other drugs such as ofloxacin plus metronidazole or Cefoxitin and ciprofloxacin plus clindamycin 7,10 are used to relieve pelvic inflammatory, Diabetic food infections etc. Norfloxacin or ciprofloxacin are used in the treatment of traveller’s diarrhea and certain other infections such as typhoid fever and Vibrio cholera. Adverse events: Although quinolones are well tolerated and relatively safe, certain adverse effects are 13, 14 common. Gastro intestinal and Central nervous system 15,16 effects are the most frequent adverse events occurring in 2 to 20 per cent of patients 17-22.Other adverse effects such as QTC prolongation, 23,24 hepatotoxicity, tendon rupture, cardiovascular toxicity, disturbed blood glucose levels 25,26 certain dermatologic effects etc.

Mechanism of fluoroquinolones: Fluoroquinolones interfere with bacterial DNA metabolism by the inhibition of two enzymes, Topoisomerase II (Syn. DNA gyrase) and Topoisomerase IV. In gram-negative organisms DNA gyrase is the primary target, where as in Gram -positive bacteria topoisomerase IV was recently found to be most affected. The function of DNA gyrase is to introduce supercoils into the linear DNA double helix, which results in the highly condensed three dimensional structure of the DNA usually present inside the cell. The function of topoisomerase IV is involved in the separation process of the DNA daughter chains after chromosome duplication. DNA gyrase and Topoisomerase IV have a very similar protein structure, each composed of two sub units(Gyr-A and gyr-B). The Gyr-A subunits of this enzyme were proposed to initially bind to the double stranded DNA helix. In an ATP-dependent process, described as intermediate gate opening step-, both DNA strands are leaved at certain 4 base pair staggered sites. The 5’ends of the DNA chain are thereby bound covalently to Tyrosine 122 residues with in the Gyr-A-subunits. Gyr-B-subunits are probably responsible for the ATP-dependent releasing process of the DNA. Two quinolones molecules self-assemble inside the pocket in dimer structure 27 and attach to the gyrase -DNA complex electrostatically, which stabilizes the intermediate stage of this reaction step. Permanent gaps in the DNA strands induce synthesis of repair enzymes (exonucleases) initiating uncoordinated repair process, which results in irreversible damage to the DNA and, finally, cell death. 28, 29

Methodology: A knowledge of Molecular polarizability, diamagnetic susceptibility, Molecular electron ionisation cross section reflects on transport mobility, activity and the vigour of the electron associate with the interaction of the medicine with the electrons released from host cell(or effected cell) of the body during the reaction .Hence an investigation of these properties leading to the dosage of the few anti-microbial drugs (Quinolones) is taken up in the present investigation. The above parameters are obtained through quantum mechanical approach of Lippincott, Bond Polorizability and Bond Refractivity of Le Fevre. The diamagnetic susceptibility for these systems is evaluated using Rao &Murthy’s method. The molecular electron ionization cross section is then evaluated from diamagnetic susceptibility using modified Kevan’s formula of Murthy et al. The electron ionization cross section along with the data of Protein binding, Bioavailability, Log P,& Half-life are taken from Wikipedia are used in the present investigation.30 The related work of drug dosage activity through molecular electron ionization cross- section and medical parameters like bioavailability, protein binding etc., has been reported by Murthy et al in a few medicinal systems. 31, 32, 33 The present paper deals with the evaluation of dosages of a few anti-microbial drugs (Quinolones). The information regarding the Molecular polarizability obtained by Lippincott method, Bond polarizability and Bond refractivity, diamagnetic susceptibility and molecular electron ionisation cross section was given in already accepted previous papers31, 32, 33, 34

?aP = 4nA/ao [(R2/4) + (1/2(CR)2)]2 x e-(XA-XB)2/4 (1)

?an = ? fj aj (2)

? 2 a- = n df ?2j/?j2 (3)

aM=1/3[?aP+? a n +? 2 a-] (4)

aM=?[3/4pN?](R8) (5)

aM= n1 a(c=c) + n2 a(c-c) +———– ——–=Ojnjaj (6)

?M = ? m s1aM (7)

Q (in 10-16cm2)=0.278n ?M ( 8)

Molecular polarizablility can be calculated by Lippincott method, Bond refraction method and Bond polarizability method. The aM by Lippincott method is evaluated with help of parallel component (?a?p), Perpendicular component (?2a-) and ?a?n .The parallel Component?a?p, is based on parameters i.e. A, CR, ao are taken from Lippincott35 are given in the equation(1).The values of bond lengths required for evaluating?a?p are taken from CRC Hand book of Physics and Chemistry.36 Similarly the perpendicular component is given in the equation(3).The electronegativity and atomic polarizability values are taken from the reference.36Thus calculated ?a?p, ?a?n and ?2a- are given in table I. Finally from these values aM is measured by the formula (4). Molecular polarizabilty obtained by other methods i.e Bond polarizablity and Bond refraction methods are given table II. The values needed to calculate the mean molecular polarizabilty -aM’ from Bond refractivities and Bond polarizabiltes are taken from Le Fevre37.and expressed in 10-25cm3.

The diamagnetic susceptibility -?M’ is calculated with the help of equation 7. The -aM’ values obtained by three methods i.e. Lippincott, Bond polarizablity and Bond refraction are inserted in the given equation which gives the ?M. The necessary data required for the calculation of -s’ Covalency factor taken from reference. 38

The covalency factor is calculated as s=[s1 1/n1. s2 1/n2——–s n 1/n8-]1/2 (9) s=e-(XA-XB)2/4 Where XA and XB are electronegativity of the bond A- B respectively and n1, n2 are the bond orders. Calculation of ?M is immediately followed by -Q’, Electron ionisation cross section which only needs the ?M value. The ?M and -Q’ values obtained by Lippincott Bond polarizablity and Bond refraction are shown in the table III. Practical approach for diamagnetic susceptibility through vibrational magnetometer technique is under progress. Of the three methods -Q’ obtained by Bond polarizablities are taken as standard because, this method is found to be sensitive to conformational changes than the other two methods. In table IV, the calculated values of Electron ionisation cross section -Q’ along with other medicinal parameters are given. These include Protein binding, Bioavailability, Log P and Half life period of some anti-microbial (Quinolones). The data required are taken from Wikepedia30. By calculating the -Q’, an attempt has been done in studying the activity of a drug and further its interaction with the target molecule. Finally with the help of the expression 10, dosage of antimicrobial drugs is calculated and compared with the reported dosage values taken from reference 30. The results are given in the table V.

=((Q/D)2/3LLogP) va/5 (10)

Where, Q – Electron ionisation cross section D-Dosage of the drug L- is the Half-life period Log P -Hydrophobicity a= (PB)(BA)/6ms

Where, m – the no.of unsaturation bonds PB -Protein binding BA-Bioavailabilty s- the Covalency factor

Results and Discussion: A keen observation of the dosages of the medicinal compounds calculated and reported show he following features. The calculated dosage of Prefloxacin is 0.825 grams per day against the reported dosage value 0.8grams per day. Similarly Lomefloxacin and Sparfloxacin has the calculated value 0.394 grams per day and 0.211 grams per day compared with the reported dosage value0.4 grams and 0.222grams per day. Good agreement regarding the dosage values were observed in case of other medicinal compounds also. An analytical approach on Q and medicinal parameters reveal some observations .Generally the medicinal compounds having similarity in their structure are analysed. In case of Quinolones (Antimicrobial drugs) ,Prefloxacin has the -Q’valuei.e3.03×10-16 cm2 less than Lomefloxacin Q value11. 27×10-16 cm2 But increased half-life period 8.6hrs than half life period of Lomefloxacin 3 to 5 hrs. Similarly for Nalidixic acid the half life is 1.1to2.5hrsless than the Ciprofloxacin h alflife period i.e.3 to 4 hrs. Compared to the -Q’ values of Nalidixic acid (12.23×10-16 cm2) and Norfloxacin (8.33×10-16 cm2). An attempt has been made in analysing the relation between Log P (Hydrophobicity) and ‘Q’ Electron ionization cross section. The hydrophobicity of Sparfloxacin is2.5 compared with the hydrophobicity value of Moxifloxcin 2.9 against the -Q’ value Sparfloxacin11.806×10-16 cm2 and Moxifloxacin 9.459 x10-16 cm2. Similar observations is done in case of Prefloxacin and Lomefloxacin. From the above data it is hypothesized that lower the hydrophobic nature of the drug higher may be the interaction of the drug with the target molecule and finally the activity of drug molecule i.e. Electron ionization cross section. Comparison of -Q’, Electron ionisation cross section value and the dosage value reflect some useful and supporting view to the above analysis. In case of Sparfloxacin Q value ( 11.806×10-16 cm2). The reported dosage value is0.22grams per day againt the lower Moxifloxacin Q value 9.459 x10-16 cm2 and higher dosage value 0.4grams per day respectively. Similarly Lomefloxacin (Q value11. 27×10-16 cm2) has 0.4grmas per day to Prefloxacin (Q’valueless than Lomefloxacin i.e3.03×10-16 cm2) dosage value 0.8 grams per day. Rigorous work is under study in order to understand the relation between -Q’, dosage and other medicinal parameters of other medicinal compounds.

A plausible explanation for this behaviour may be given as follows. An increase in electron transportation activity reflected by higher electron ionization cross section will tender the chemical reaction to be faster. Hence an incidence of electron from the donor to the place of malignity will make the process curing faster. Thus very little dosage of the medicine will be sufficient. A long continued impingement of the electrons on the malgn cells might develop saturation effects. Hence the life time of the drug for limited time suggested. Thus an increase in Q explains lower half life and lower dosage. A continued dosage of such medicine might result in undesirable toxic effects. Rigorous work is under study in order to understand the relation between -Q’, dosage and other medicinal parameters of other medicinal compounds.

Inference: The present method hints at study of important physical parameters like refractivity and electron ionization cross section through simple molecular structure. An elucidation of Q and its use with other medicinal parameters yield a new method of obtaining medicinal dosage. Thus the present method of arriving at medicinal dosage through physical parameters n, k ,Q give a novel approach of equation of dosage and looking at it from molecular level of interactions. This approach has the superiority over the already available sophisticated medicinal methods which involve highly theoretical quantum mechanical modelling, highly computive modelling or highly sophisticated physicochemical methods of drug analysis.

References 1)Nelson JM, Chiller TM, Powers JH, Angulo FJ (April 2007). “Fluoroquinolone-resistant Campylobacter species and the withdrawal of fluoroquinolones from use in poultry: a public health success story”. Clin. Infect. Dis. 44 (7): 977-80. doi:10.1086/512369. PMID 17342653. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/doi/abs/10.1086/512369?url_ver=Z39.88-2003&rfr_id=ori:rid:crossref.org&rfr_dat=cr_pub%3dncbi.nlm.nih.gov 2)Ivanov DV, Budanov SV (2006). “[Ciprofloxacin and antibacterial therapy of respiratory tract infections]” (in Russian). Antibiot. Khimioter. 51 (5): 29-37. PMID 17310788 3)Stacy J. Childs, MD (2000). “Safety of the Fluoroquinolone Antibiotics: Focus on Molecular Structure”. Infect Urol (USA: FQresearch) 13 (1): 3-10. 4)Catherine M.Oliphant,Pharm.D.,Gray M. Green, M.D.,-Quinolones: A Comprehensive Review-,Am Fam Physician. 2002 Feb1;65(3):455-465. 5)Turnidge J. Pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of fluoroquinolones. Drugs. 1999;58(suppl 2):29-36. 6)Bartlett JG, Dowell SF, Mandell LA, File TM Jr, Musher DM, Fine MJ. Practice guidelines for the management of community-acquired pneumonia in adults. Infectious Disease Society of America. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;31:347-82. 7) Hooper D. Quinolones. In: Mandell GL, Bennett JE, Dolin R. Mandell, Douglas, and Bennett’s Principles and practice of infectious diseases. 5thed. Philadelphia: Churchill Livingstone, 2000:404-23. 8)Liu, H.; Mulholland, SG. (July 2005). “Appropriate antibiotic treatment of genitourinary infections in hospitalized patients.”. Am J Med 118 Suppl 7A: 14S-20S. doi:10.1016/j.amjmed.2005.05.009. PMID 15993673. 9)Sabbaj J, Hoagland VL, Cook T. Norfloxacin versus co-trimoxazole in the treatment of recurring urinary tract infections in men. Scand J Infect Dis 28 Suppl. 1986;48:48-53. 10)Hooper DC. New uses for new and old quinolones and the challenge of resistance. Clin Infect Dis. 2000;30:243-54. 11)Vardakas, KZ.; Siempos, II.; Grammatikos, A.; Athanassa, Z.; Korbila, IP.; Falagas, ME. (December 2008). “Respiratory fluoroquinolones for the treatment of community-acquired pneumonia: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.”. CMAJ 179 (12): 1269-77. doi:10.1503/cmaj.080358. PMID 19047608. PMC 2585120. http://www.cmaj.ca/cgi/content/full/179/12/1269 12)1998 guidelines for treatment of sexually transmitted diseases. Centers for Disease Control and Prevention. MMWR Morb Mortal Wkly Rep. 1998;47(RR-1):1-111. 13)De Sarro A, De Sarro G (March 2001). “Adverse reactions to fluoroquinolones. an overview on mechanistic aspects” (PDF). Curr. Med. Chem. 8 (4): 371-84. PMID 11172695. http://www.fqresearch.org/pdf_files/cmc.pdf. 14)Owens RC, Ambrose PG (July 2005). “Antimicrobial safety: focus on fluoroquinolones”. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41 Suppl 2: S144-57. doi:10.1086/428055. PMID 15942881. 15)Owens RC, Ambrose PG (July 2005). “Antimicrobial safety: focus on fluoroquinolones”. Clin. Infect. Dis. 41 Suppl 2: S144-57. doi:10.1086/428055. PMID 15942881. http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/cgi-bin/resolve?CID34940

16) Iannini PB (June 2007). “The safety profile of moxifloxacin and other fluoroquinolones in special patient populations”. Curr Med Res Opin 23 (6): 1403-13. doi:10.1185/030079907X188099. PMID 17559736. 17)Hooper DC. Mode of action of fluoroquinolones. Drugs. 1999;58(suppl 2):6-10. 18)Hackbarth CJ, Chambers HF, Sande MA. Serumbactericidal activity of rifampin in combination with other antimicrobial agents againstStaphylococcus aureus. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1986;29:611-3. 19)Walker RC. The fluoroquinolones. Mayo Clin Proc. 1999;74:1030-7. 20). Lipsky BA, Baker CA. Fluoroquinolone toxicity profiles: a review focusing on newer agents. Clin Infect Dis. 1999;28:352-64. 21)Stahlmann R, Lode H. Toxicity of quinolones. Drugs. 1999;58(suppl 2):37-42. 22)Harrell RM. Fluoroquinolone-induced tendinopathy: what do we know?. South Med J. 1999;92:622-5. 23)Falagas ME, Rafailidis PI, Rosmarakis ES (April 2007). “Arrhythmias associated with fluoroquinolone therapy”. Int. J. Antimicrob. Agents 29 (4): 374-9. doi:10.1016/j.ijantimicag.2006.11.011. PMID 17241772. 24)Rubinstein E (2001). “History of quinolones and their side effects”. Chemotherapy 47 Suppl 3: 3-8; discussion 44-8. doi:10.1159/000057838. PMID 11549783. http://content.karger.com/produktedb/produkte.asp?typ=fulltext&file=che7c003 25)Mehlhorn AJ, Brown DA (November 2007). “Safety concerns with fluoroquinolones”. Ann Pharmacother 41 (11): 1859-66. doi:10.1345/aph.1K347. PMID 17911203. 26)Lewis RJ, Mohr JF (2008). “Dysglycaemias and fluoroquinolones”. Drug Saf 31 (4): 283-92. doi:10.2165/00002018-200831040-00002. PMID 18366239. 27)Hooper DC, Wolfson JS: Mechanism of quinolone action and bacterial killing, in Hooper DC, Wolfson JS (eds): Quinolone Antimicrobial Agents, ed 2. Washington DC, American Society for Microbiology: 53 – 75, 1993. 28)Shen LL: Quinolone – DNA interaction, in Hooper DC, Wolfson JS (eds): Quinolone Antimicrobial Agents, ed 2. Washington DC, American Society for Microbiology: 77 – 95, 1993. 29)Morais Cabral JH, Jackson AP, Smith CV, Shikotra N, Maxwell A, Liddington RC: Crystal structure of the breakage-reunion domain of DNA gyrase. Nature Vol 388 / 28: 903 – 906, 1997. 30)http://www.winkipedia.com 31)Murthy, V.R.& Venkata Raghuram D, Drug, dosage, activity, Studies of antimalarials by Physical methods-II, Bonformation 2(1); 12-16(2007). 32)Murthy, V.R.& Venkata Raghuram D and Murthy, P.N.romanian J.Phy. 17, 207, 2007. 33)Murthy, V.R.& Venkata Raghuram D and Murthy, P.N. Proce.National Seminar recent trends in Biomedical Physics. Guntur.(India) p.122-132. 34)V.R. Murthy, S.Kavitha, K.R.S. Samba Siva Rao,- Drug, Dosage Studies of A Few Centrally Acting Muscle Relaxants- http://www.amazines.com/article_detail.cfm?articleid=2205851. 35) Rao. B.P., Murthy,V.R.,-Curr.Sci.-,1972, 41, No:1

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TABLE-1 Molecular Polarizabilities of Anti-microbial drugs(Quinolones) by Lippincott method in 10-25cm3

S.NoName of the drug?a?p?a?n?2a- 1Nalidixic acid469.19117.784231.208 2Norfloxacin645.04924.96346.985 3Ciprofloxacin691.86624.956272.072 4Sparfloxacin768.94024.956272.072 5Moxifloxacin862.9924.703329.746 6Prefloxacin680.24320.756306.652 7Lomefloxacin687.93520.756269.383

TABLE-II Molecular Polarozablities (aM) in 10-25cm3 S. NoName of the drugaM by Lippincott methodaM by Bond PolarizablityaM by Bond Refraction 1Nalidixic acid231.208266.244247.319 2Norfloxacin315.907346.985333.101 3Ciprofloxacin329.631366.252342.97 4Sparfloxacin385.709383.183378.339 5Moxifloxacin405.814423.115421.671 6Prefloxacin335.894354.352352.635 7Lomefloxacin326.025347.852347.166

TABLE-III The Diamagnetic Susceptibilities (in 106CGS units) and Molecular Electron Ionisation cross section (in10-16cm2)of certain Anti-microbial drugs(Quinolones) ? M in 106CGS units Qin10-16cm2 S.NoName of the drugByByByByByBy LippincottBond PolarizabilityBondLippincottBond PolarizabilityBond Refraction method Refractionmethod 1Nalidixic acid56.41764.96760.3411.43313.16612.23 2Norfloxacin38.98942.82541.1127.9028.6798.332 3Ciprofloxacin65.82373.14668.49512.3414.82413.881 4Sparfloxacin59.39959.10158.25612.03811.97811.806 5Moxifloxacin44.9246.83546.6779.1049.4929.46 6Prefloxacin14.25415.03814.9642.8893.0483.033 7Lomefloxacin53.85155.74855.63810.91411.29511.276

TABLE-IV Electron Ionisation cross section (in10-16cm2 ) and other medicinal parameters

S.NoName of the drugQ PB BALog PHalf Life(hrs) 1Nalidixic acid12.23093962.11.1-2.51.383 2Norfloxacin8.33215502.13-41.1383 3Ciprofloxacin13.88130502.53-51.176 4Sparfloxacin11.80650502.5201.272 5Moxifloxacin9.45986-92402.9121.477 6Prefloxacin3.033251002.48.61.450 7Lomefloxacin11.2760.725502.13-51.335

TABLE-V Drug dosage (in grams/day) S. NoName of the druga’Calculated dosages grams/dayReported dosages grams/day 1Nalidixic acid0.0951.3834.0334.0 2Norfloxacin0.0091.1380.6510.80 3Ciprofloxacin0.0131.1790.8491.0 4Sparfloxacin0.0261.2730.2110.222 5Moxifloxacin0.0491.4750.4090.40 6Prefloxacin0.0691.4490.8250.8 7Lomefloxacin0.0371.3350.3940.4

Intake Of Health Food Keeps Heart Ailments At Bay

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Many individuals suffer from heart diseases all over the world. In the case of most of the patients who have heart problems experiences a kind of pain in his chest area which gradually become worse with time. When the heart problem happens right at the onset it is known as anigma . This problem can however be cured with the help of antiginal drugs which are available in the market.

Access To Food For Maintaining The Health

However it is important to remember that a lot of factors are often responsible for heart disease. The family history coupled with certain genetic factors also have a key role to play in heart attacks. However it has generally been observed that men are more susceptible to heart ailments. One of the major reasons for heart attack is due to stress and several lifestyle factors such as poor diet that is devoid of vital nutrients.

Smoking also affects the lungs as well the heart. The blood vessels become blocked over a certain period of time due to smoking. Eventually the heart does not receive blood which leads to degeneration of the cells in the heart.

For Food To Maintain The Health Of Heart Problems Remotely

The food (In French antioxydants) that we consume on a daily basis is often responsible for heart problems .Intake of refined food and junk food in the form of cakes, pastries and noodles should be avoided Oily foods also need to be avoided. The cholesterol level in the blood increases which further lead to heart problems. A sedentary lifestyle is also responsible for heart problems.

In order to prevent heart disease we should begin early by encouraging our children to eat healthy .Children of today are addicted to junk food and spent most of their waking hours in front of the television. We should encourage children to exercise regularly and eat proper health food (In French cardiaque symptome). A family should ensure that children should have adequate food which is rich in the key nutrients. Having proper health food is necessary for children to grow up as strong individuals.

It is important to reduce saturated and trans fats from our diet by not having butter, margarine. We can choose health food in the form of lean meats and lot of green vegetables and fruits .Instead of using butter one can choose yoghurt or even a low calorie spread on the breads is advisable that you always check the contents and the labels of any health food to have an idea but the type of food it is .To keep heart disease at bay w e can use canola oil or olive oil which are good for heart.

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